{"id":376,"date":"2013-02-25T08:03:14","date_gmt":"2013-02-25T05:03:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alhikmeh.org\/doccenter\/?p=376"},"modified":"2015-02-15T21:15:36","modified_gmt":"2015-02-15T18:15:36","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%81-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85-2-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alhikmeh.org\/doccenter\/?p=376","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 -2-"},"content":{"rendered":"


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\n<\/span><\/p>\n

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___________<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a02 – \u0635 218 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0637 2<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0641\u064a 1824 \u0640 1852<\/span><\/p>\n

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____________<\/span><\/p>\n

-1\u00a0 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0635 289 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2- \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u201c\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u201d \u062c 2<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V.Fontanier Voyage dans L\u2019lnde et le Golfe Persique.-3<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f<\/a>
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\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

___________<\/span>_<\/span><\/p>\n

1 –\u0635174 \u062c1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Adrien Dupre \u2013 Voyage en Perse Fait dans les annees 1807.9 en traver \u2013 sant la Natolie et le Mesopotamie (Paris1819). <\/span><\/p>\n

2 <\/span>– \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0632\u0631)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

J.B. Fraser -Traveis in Koordistan & Mesopotamia, (London1840) <\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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____________<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0( 1 )\u0635 46\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Loftus, W.k.-Travels & Researches in Chaldeae & Susiaua,London 1857<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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____________<\/span><\/p>\n

1 –<\/span> Richard Coke \u2013 Baghdad the City of Peace,London 1935<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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___________<\/span><\/p>\n

1- H. Peterman.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a02 – \u0635 285 <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0637<\/span> 2<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/a>
\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0647<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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_________ <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0-1 <\/span>\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 4 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645 1286<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a (\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0632)(1)<\/span> \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0651\u064e\u0631 (\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0641\u062c)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1890. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629<\/span>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 (\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0648\u0644) \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

____________<\/span><\/p>\n

1-<\/span> 1958<\/span>) Madame J. Dieulafoy.La Chaldee,et la Susiane (Paris 1887)\u00a0 1888- 1890 London & New york 1897, Vol,ll<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\"figure_2.jpg\"<\/a>
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 <\/p>\n

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\n<\/span><\/p>\n

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____________<\/span><\/p>\n

1 –\u00a0 Louisa Gebb (Mrs Roland Wilkins) -by Desert Ways toBaghdad, London 1908.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2 – \u0635 30 \u064880 –\u00a0 \u00a0Military Report on the Rehion between Baghdad and thePersian Gulf \u2013 Prepared bythe General Staff,1911 (A 1551)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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___________<\/span><\/p>\n

1- The Letters of Gertrude Bell \u2013 Selected & Edited by Lady Bell,London.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646(1)<\/span> \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0628\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0631. \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0642 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

____________<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0-1<\/span>\u064a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u0632\u062c\u0631\u064a<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2- \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0641\u062a\u0642\u0635\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0633\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0638\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span>.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645 23 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 1914\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0639\u062f\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0633\u0644\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628\u064a\u062d\u0629 27 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 1912 \u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644(1)<\/span> \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064b 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(\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0634) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0647. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0648 (\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644) \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a (250) \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0643 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0645\u0629). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a. \"tromway\"<\/a>\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627\u064a\u201d \u0648\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1912 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

___________<\/span><\/p>\n

1- Alois Musil \u2013 The Middle Euprates, New York 1927.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062c\u0647\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1909(1).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641(2)<\/span> \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062c\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631 (\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0622\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f) \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627) \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a 1913\u060c \u0641\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644. \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0641\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 1914 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u064a\u0646\u0636\u0648\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 29 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 1914\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0628 \u0634\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

___________<\/span><\/p>\n

1 – \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2 – \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0644\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 12 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 1915. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u062d\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0631\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633 (\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0644) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629(1)<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0641 1920<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644(2)<\/span> \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 1908 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/span>\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0623 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0632\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u062f\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/p>\n

____________<\/span><\/p>\n

1- Review of Civil Administration of Mesopotamia (CMD 1916) \u2013 Prepared by Gertrude L.Bell C.B.E.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628) 1949<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0-2 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0635 28 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629: \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0634)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629) \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0635\u0628\u064a\u0651 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0642)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642)\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \"Untitled-12\"<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f<\/span>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f(1)<\/span>. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0623\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d. \u0641\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064f\u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0623\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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____________<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0-1<\/span>\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2- \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u062c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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____________<\/span><\/p>\n

– 1\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0 <\/span>\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0648 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628) \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0626\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633) \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0627\u060c\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0647\u062c \u0628\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633.<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

____________<\/span><\/p>\n

Sir Ronald Storrs \u2013 Orientations, London, 1945. -1<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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____________<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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___________<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0-1<\/span>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0632\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647
\n\u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0637
\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 M.SC. \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627
\n\u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

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