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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641)(10).<\/h4>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a (\u062c. \u0647\u0631\u0646\u0634\u0648) \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: (\u0641\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629…)(11).<\/h4>\n

\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0637\u0645\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0643\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628) (Westernization) \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/h4>\n

\u0641\u062a\u0628\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/h4>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/h4>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0644\u0645 (\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0638\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627)(12).<\/h4>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e (\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d) (Reform Movement)\u060c \u0648 (\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629) (Era Renaissance)\u060c \u0648 (\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631) ( Era EnLightenment) \u064a\u0644\u062d\u0638 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 .<\/h4>\n

\u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 52<\/h4>\n
\n

(1) \u0632\u064a\u063a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0629 (1913 \u0640 1999 \u0645).<\/h6>\n
(2) \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u063a\u0645\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062a (1909 \u0640 2006 \u0645).<\/h6>\n
(3) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1931 \u0645) \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0622\u0634\u0641\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1980 \u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646\u062e \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u060c \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1983 \u2013 1987 \u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1987 \u0645) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1990) \u060c \u0648\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 (1990 \u0645 \u2013 1994 \u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644.<\/h6>\n
(4) \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u0647\u064a\u0646\u0631\u0634 \u0634\u064a\u062f\u0631 (1896 \u0640 1957 \u0645).<\/h6>\n
(5) \u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 (1915 \u0640 2004 \u0645).<\/h6>\n
(6) \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u063a\u0648\u062f\u064a (1919 \u0640…. \u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632.<\/h6>\n
(7) \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0635 10 \u0640 11.<\/h6>\n
(8) \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0635 17 \u0640 20.<\/h6>\n
(9) \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0632\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0646\u064a (1273 \u0640 1355 \u0647\u0640).<\/h6>\n
(10) \u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0635 94.<\/h6>\n
(11) \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0647\u0631\u0646\u0634\u0648\u060c \u0635 31.<\/h6>\n
(12) \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u063562.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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