{"id":5396,"date":"2018-09-14T23:26:31","date_gmt":"2018-09-14T20:26:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/alhikmeh.org\/yanabeemag\/?p=5396"},"modified":"2018-09-14T23:26:31","modified_gmt":"2018-09-14T20:26:31","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alhikmeh.org\/yanabeemag\/?p=5396","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 (\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0638\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 (\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u060c <\/span><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0628\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0638\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064a \u060c \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064d \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631. <\/span><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 .<\/span><\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a01\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0646<\/strong>\u00a0(1)(j.willihausen ) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0639) \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1899 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0646 (1844\u06401918\u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 (\u063a\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0646) \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 (\u0641\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0646) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1882\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0648 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a) \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1887\u0645)\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a (\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0648\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627:<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u0623 –<\/span><\/strong> \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a(2) \u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1901\u0645). <\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u0628 –<\/span><\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1902\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 (\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645) \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0650\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0640(\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1956\u0645)\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640(\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647) \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1957\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a02\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0644\u062f<\/strong>\u00a0(3)(wustenfield) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a(4) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a (\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0631) \u0648(\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646) \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0646\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 (\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646) \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0643\u0646 (1883\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a03\u0640<\/span><\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/strong>) E . Honigman \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0631(5).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a04\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/strong>)(6)(strothman) \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0632\u0643 (1926\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a05\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0647<\/strong>(7)(Th. Noldeka) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 (\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1909\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a06\u0640<\/span><\/strong> \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0647\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/strong>(8)(Heinz Halm) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629) \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1988\u0645). \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (2011 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a) \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 (\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0648).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a07\u0640<\/span><\/strong> \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u063a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0631<\/strong> (1848 \u06401892) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 (\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0631)\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a (\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0632\u0643) \u0648(\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628) \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 (\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641.<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a08\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/strong>)(9) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 (\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629(10)\u060c \u0648 \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0645 (1846 \u0640 1851\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u0648 (\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u062a\u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1866\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a09\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0633\u062e\u0627\u0648<\/strong>) (1845 \u0640 1930\u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 (\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u062f)\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a (1904\u0645) \u0648(1918\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a010\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0648\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0633) (1874 \u0640 1931\u0645) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f\u064a) \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1904\u0645) \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a011\u0640<\/span><\/strong> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646) (1868 \u06401956\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a012\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0622\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0634\u0645\u064a\u0644) (1922\u0640 2003\u0645) (\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a01\u0640<\/span><\/strong> \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a<\/strong>) (pelly) \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1879\u0645) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062c\u0632\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646)(11).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a0 2\u0640<\/span><\/strong> \u062f\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0645. \u0631\u0648\u0646\u0644\u062f\u0633\u0646<\/strong>\u00a0(12)\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629) \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1931\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a) \u0623\u0648 (\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629) \u0623\u0648 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1933\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a03\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u062f\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/strong> (Hodgson) \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629\u061f) \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1955\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a04\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u063a\u0645\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0637 (Montgomery Watt) \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a) \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1960\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a05\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u063a\u0645\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0637<\/strong> (Montgomery Watt) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u0648 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a) \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1983\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a06\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u063a\u0645\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0637 (Montgomery Watt) \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u0648 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629) \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1963\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a07\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633<\/strong>(13)(B. Lewis) \u0639\u0646 (\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1940\u0645) \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639.<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a08\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0644\u064a<\/strong> (Joyce wiley ) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 ) \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1992\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a09\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0633\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0633(14) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0645\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645)(15) \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1910\u0645) \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621.<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a010\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f) \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645)\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 (Husain ibn ali) (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a) \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628(16).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a011\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 (\u0647\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/strong>)(17) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f(18).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a012\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a): (\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0645) (… 421\u0647\u0640) \u0645\u062d\u0637 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a (\u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0632<\/strong>)(19) \u0628\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 (\u0645\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062b<\/strong>)(20) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 (\u0645\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062b<\/strong>) \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646)(21).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a013\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0644<\/strong>)(22) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 (\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645)(23) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1896\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1923\u0645) \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647 (\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647.<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a014\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0643\u062a\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645<\/strong>)(24) \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633)(25) \u0628\u062c\u0632\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1829\u0645)\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0632\u064a.<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a015\u0640<\/span><\/strong> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062c<\/strong>)(26) \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0640(\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u062c \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1905\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a016\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a (\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0641\u062a\u0633<\/strong>) (1820 \u0640 1858\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 (\u0623\u0648\u0631) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1840\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a017\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a (\u062f. \u062c. \u0647\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a<\/strong>).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a018\u0640<\/span><\/strong> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a (\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0631<\/strong>) (\u062a1874\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a019\u0640<\/span><\/strong> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627) \u0623\u0648 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0646) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a (\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u062f<\/strong>) (1902 ….\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a020\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628) \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 (\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u0631\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u063a<\/strong>)(27). <\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a021\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u062f. \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062a<\/strong>) (1860 \u0640 1930\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1911\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 (\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062a) \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a.<\/span><\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a01\u0640<\/span><\/strong> \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0633<\/strong> (1862 \u0640 1937\u0645) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1878\u0645) \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 (\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641) \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0648\u0647\u0648 (\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1912\u0645)(28).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a (\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\/ \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646) \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a) \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0646\u0634\u0631 (\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0633) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1906\u0645)\u060c \u0641\u064a (448) \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647.<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0628 (\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0633) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1922\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645)\u060c \u0648 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 (MFO) \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (5\u060c 1911: 80 \u0640129).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a02\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0648<\/strong> (Ch.Virolleaud) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 (\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646) \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1927\u0645) .<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a03\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f<\/strong> (J.Culmard) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u062a\u0628\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1973\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a04\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1968\u0645) \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1970\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 (\u0648\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0643\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062c\u060c \u064a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0646\u062a\u060c \u062f\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0632\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0643) \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f (\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631) \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 (\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0631) \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646.<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a05\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a (\u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/strong>)(29) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0640(\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 (\u0630\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0637)\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 (\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a06\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a (\u062c\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648<\/strong>)(30) (M . De Gobineau) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1866\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a07\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a (\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0647<\/strong>) (Morier) \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1818\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a08\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a (\u0623\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631<\/strong>) (1827\u06401908\u0645)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (\u0628\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0627\u064a) (1821\u06401889\u0645)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (Les Prairies Dor) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 (1861\u06401877\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a09\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a (\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u062f\u064a\u0648<\/strong>) (1808\u06401875\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1854\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a010\u0640<\/span><\/strong> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a (\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/strong>) (1883\u06401962\u0645).<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0629) \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (24) \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1953\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a011\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a (\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0647<\/strong>) (1904 ….\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a012\u0640<\/span><\/strong> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a (\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648<\/strong>)(1777 \u0640 1832\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a013\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a (\u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0644<\/strong>)<\/span>(1921 …\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a014\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a (\u0641. \u0633. \u0648\u0627\u0646. \u0631\u0648\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0644<\/strong>) (1870 \u0640 1954\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a015\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a (\u0633\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062c<\/strong>) (1905 \u0640 1973\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a016\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a (\u0628. \u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0648<\/strong>) (1909 ….\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a017\u0640<\/span> <\/strong>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a (\u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0643).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a018\u0640<\/span><\/strong> \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a (\u062c. \u0641\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0627) (1908 ….\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a019\u0640<\/span><\/strong> \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a (\u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646) (1909 ….\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a020\u0640<\/span><\/strong> \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a (\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627) (1914 ….\u0645).<\/span><\/h4>\n

\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 (\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627) \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/h4>\n

—————————————————-<\/p>\n

\n\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:
\n* \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0637\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0637\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0644\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a) \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646.
\n(1) \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0623\u0648 (\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0646)\u060c (1844 \u0640 1918)\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a .
\n(2) Wellhausen\u060c Julius\u060c Die religioes \u2013 politishen\u060c OP. Cit (Berlin 1901).
\n(3) \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0644\u062f\u060c (1808 \u0640 1899 \u0645)\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 (\u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0644)\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 (\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u063558\u060c 61\u060c \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646) .
\n(4) \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0633\u060c \u062c2 \u06351917\u0640 1918.
\n(5) (Karbala) in Encyclopedia of Islam (New Edition) Volume. 4. Pp 637 \u2013 39.
\n(6) \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c (1877 1960)\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a.
\n(7) \u062a\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0647\u060c (1836 1931)\u060c \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0645.
\n(8) \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0647\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c (1942 ….)\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649.
\n(9) \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0644\u060c (1808 \u0640 1889)\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a.
\n(10) Weill\u060c G . Geschichte der Califen (Mannheim 1846 \u2013 61) .
\n(11) Pelly \u060c Sir Lewis\u060c The Miracle. London 1879.
\n(12) \u062f\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0645 . \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 (\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0644\u062f\u0633\u0646) (\u062a1958 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a)\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629) \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1931) \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a) \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1933) \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645)\u060c \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629.
\n(13) \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633\u060c (1916 …. \u0645)\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.
\n(14) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0633\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633\u060c (1867 \u0640 1945\u0645) \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0648\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 (1898) \u0648\u0623\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 (1901) \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 (1914) \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1915) \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 (1916 \u0640 1918) \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 (1920) \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a.
\n(15) Sykes\u060c Sir Prcy\u060c The Glory of the Faith of Shiah World (London 1910).
\n(16) the oxford encyclopedia of the moderns Islamic world _ vol _2 _ p 150-151.
\n(17) I . K . A . Howard.
\n(18) Oemiw_ vol _ 2 _ p 150.
\n(19) \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0632\u060c (1854 1917)\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644.
\n(20) \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0645\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062b \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062b (1858 \u0640 1940) \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641.
\n(21) Margoliouth\u060c D. S. Umayyads and Abbasids (Gibb Memorial series Volumel .4.
\n(22) \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a.
\n(23) Canon Sell\u060c Faith of Islam (London 1896).
\n(24) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.
\n(25) Malcolm\u060c J\u060c History of Persia. (London 1829).
\n(26) \u063a\u064a \u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062c (1854 \u0640 1934) \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a.
\n(27) \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627: (\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629).
\n(28) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u062c3 \u06351068.
\n(29) \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c (1903 \u0640 1978) \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.
\n(30) \u062c\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a (\u062f\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 1827 \u0640 1908).<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0638\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 (\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0628\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0638\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064a \u060c \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064d \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0632 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":5409,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[45,31],"class_list":["post-5396","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-turohat","tag-45","tag-31"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alhikmeh.org\/yanabeemag\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5396","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alhikmeh.org\/yanabeemag\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alhikmeh.org\/yanabeemag\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alhikmeh.org\/yanabeemag\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alhikmeh.org\/yanabeemag\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5396"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/alhikmeh.org\/yanabeemag\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5396\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5415,"href":"https:\/\/alhikmeh.org\/yanabeemag\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5396\/revisions\/5415"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alhikmeh.org\/yanabeemag\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5409"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alhikmeh.org\/yanabeemag\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5396"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alhikmeh.org\/yanabeemag\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5396"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alhikmeh.org\/yanabeemag\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5396"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}