{"id":5402,"date":"2018-09-14T22:46:37","date_gmt":"2018-09-14T19:46:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/alhikmeh.org\/yanabeemag\/?p=5402"},"modified":"2018-09-14T22:46:37","modified_gmt":"2018-09-14T19:46:37","slug":"%d8%a5%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a2%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%86%d8%b4%d9%88%d8%a1-%d9%88%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%af%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alhikmeh.org\/yanabeemag\/?p=5402","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"

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 <\/p>\n

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\n\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0626\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0623 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649: (\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0634\u0652\u0647\u064e\u062f\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u062e\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0642\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0648\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0636\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0644\u0627\u064e \u062e\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0642\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0641\u064f\u0633\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652<\/span><\/strong>)[\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0641:51]\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u062d \u0633\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642.<\/h4>\n

\n\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649: (…\u0648\u0647\u064a \u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646) \u0645\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647: (\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0634\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621…) \u0645\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647: (\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u062d\u0627\u0647\u0627) \u0645\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629.. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647: (\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627…).<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646
\n\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0632\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c<\/h4>\n

<\/h4>\n

\u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a (Cosmological Principle) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 (Homogeneous) \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 (Isotropic) \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 (Perfect Cosmological Principle) \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 (\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 (Continuous Creation)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0623\u0628\u062a<\/h4>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647:<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n

1\u0640 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648:
\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0642.\u0645) \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c<\/h4>\n

<\/h4>\n

\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 (Ether) \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 (Black Matter).<\/h4>\n

\n\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a (\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633)\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0636\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 (\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633) \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648.<\/h4>\n

\n\u0625\u0646 \u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649) \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1572\u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a (\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a) \u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0635\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1577\u0645) \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0636\u0648\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 (\u0643\u0628\u0644\u0631) \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 (\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0648)\u060c \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 (\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a) \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1718\u0645) \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 (\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0634\u0644) \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1783\u0645) \u0641\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0636\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

2\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0640 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0631):
\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1916\u0645) \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0647 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 (Isotropic) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 (\u0623\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629) \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/h4>\n

\n\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Gravitation)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 (Bing Bang) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0634 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f).<\/h4>\n

\n\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 (11\u0643\u0645\/\u062b\u0627)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 (\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0644) \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646.<\/h4>\n

\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 ( ). \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645
\n\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0640 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 (\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0643\u062a\u0646) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1932) \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0627 \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639.<\/h4>\n

3\u0640 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 (Steady- State Theory):
\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u062c \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1948\u0645) \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 (\u0628\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a) \u0648(\u062c\u0648\u0644\u062f) \u0648(\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0644) \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646) \u0644\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0632\u0644\u064a\u060c<\/h4>\n

<\/h4>\n

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\n\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u061f \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644.<\/h4>\n

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<\/h4>\n

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\n\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 (3000\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0646) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 (1000\u0630\u0631\u0629\/\u0633\u06453) \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645.<\/h4>\n

\n\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0632\u062d\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 (3) \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 (\u0622\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0633) \u0648(\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0646) \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1965) \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 (7\u060c35\u0633\u0645) \u0648\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Cosmic Radiation Background) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0623\u064a\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c (2\u060c6\u0633\u0645). \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631.<\/h4>\n

\n\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u062d\u0631\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631.
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\n\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643) \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1928\u0645) \u0648\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0626\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d \u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1932\u0645) \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1965\u0645) \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646) \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0636\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0636\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0630\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0628\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a.<\/h4>\n

\n\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/h4>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629
\n(Origin of the Solar System)
\n\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0635\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a (3\u060c3) \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a (4\u060c5) \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1969\u0645) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636.<\/h4>\n

\n\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u064a. \u0641\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a (5) \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 (4\u060c5\u0640 5) \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a (2%) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c<\/h4>\n

<\/h4>\n

\u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a (60%) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0644\u0641 (98%) \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 (80%) \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633. \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0632\u062d\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0646\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b.<\/h4>\n

\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u063a\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a.
\n\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629:<\/h4>\n

1\u0640 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0632 (Decartes):
\n\u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1644\u0645) \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a.<\/h4>\n

2\u0640 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646 (Buffon):
\n\u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1750\u0645) \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0630\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0634\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/h4>\n

3\u0640 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a (Cant) (1724\u06401804)\u0645:
\n\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u062b\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u062b\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0641\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647.<\/h4>\n

4\u0640 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0646 (Chamberlain \u060cMolten):
\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1900\u0645) \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a.<\/h4>\n

5\u0640 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0632 (Jeans-Jeffries) (1901\u0645):
\n\u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628.<\/h4>\n

6\u0640 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u064a\u062f\u062a (Shemdit):
\n\u0623\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1946\u0645) \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0634\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0630\u0628\u062a \u0642\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u062b\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628.<\/h4>\n

7\u0640 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0644 (Henry Russell):
\n\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062b\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 (\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0644) \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1946\u0645) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 (Supernova Explosion) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f (50) \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/h4>\n

7\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Nebular Hypothesis):
\n\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633 (Laplace)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062c\u0630\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0623\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u062a\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/h4>\n

\n\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633.<\/h4>\n

\u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 18<\/h4>\n
\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631
\n(1) \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062f. \u0641\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u060c \u062f. \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062c2\u060c 1985.
\n(2) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629\u060c \u062f. \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u060c 1977.
\n(3) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1405.
\n(4) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062c1\u06405.
\n(5) \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u060c 1329.
\n(6) \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1990.
\n(7) \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062e\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.
\n(8) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1978.
\n(9) \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1985.
\n(10) \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u06373\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1978.
\n(11) \u0627\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1984.
\n(12) \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0635\u062f \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a (236) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c 1980.
\n(13) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 1976.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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